Cosmic Collider Gravitational Waves sourced by Right-handed Neutrino production from Bubbles: Testing Seesaw, Leptogenesis and Dark Matter
Anish Ghoshal, Pratyay Pal
arXiv:2601.02458v3 Announce Type: replace
Abstract: We study a minimal type-I seesaw framework in which a first-order phase transition (FOPT), driven by a singlet scalar, produces right-handed neutrinos (RHNs) through bubble collisions, realizing a cosmic-scale collider that probes ultra-high energy scales. The resulting RHN distribution sources novel low-frequency gravitational-waves (GWs) in addition to the standard bubble-collision contribution. A stable lightest RHN can account for the observed dark matter (DM) relic abundance for masses as low as $M_{1} equiv m_{rm DM} gtrsim 10^{6},mathrm{GeV}$, with the associated novel GW signal accessible in LISA, ET and upcoming LVK detectors. If the RHNs are unstable, their CP-violating decays generate the observed baryon asymmetry via leptogenesis for $M_{1} gtrsim 10^{11},mathrm{GeV}$ and phase transition temperatures $T_* gtrsim 10^{6},mathrm{GeV}$, for which the novel GW spectrum is detectable in ET, BBO and upcoming LVK. If RHN decays also populate a dark-sector fermion with mass $m_{chi} in [10^{-4},10^{4}],mathrm{GeV}$, successful co-genesis of baryons and asymmetric dark matter occurs for $T_* gtrsim 10^{7},mathrm{GeV}$ and $M_{1} gtrsim 10^{9},mathrm{GeV}$, naturally explaining $Omega_{rm DM} simeq 5Omega_{rm B}$. The corresponding GW signals are testable with LISA, ET, and BBO. Finally, we analyze a UV-complete multi-Majoron model, based on a global $U(1)_N times U(1)_{rm B-L}$ extension, motivated from the hierarchy of lepton masses, which we dub as Mojaron collider. The corresponding FOPT in this model leaves a distinctive GW signature arising from RHN production during $U(1)_N$ symmetry breaking detectable by BBO, ET and upcoming LVK. Successful leptogenesis is realized for heaviest RHN mass $M_3 sim 10^{10},mathrm{GeV}$ and a $U(1)_N$ breaking vev $v_2 sim mathcal{O}(mathrm{TeV})$, which sets the seesaw scale.arXiv:2601.02458v3 Announce Type: replace
Abstract: We study a minimal type-I seesaw framework in which a first-order phase transition (FOPT), driven by a singlet scalar, produces right-handed neutrinos (RHNs) through bubble collisions, realizing a cosmic-scale collider that probes ultra-high energy scales. The resulting RHN distribution sources novel low-frequency gravitational-waves (GWs) in addition to the standard bubble-collision contribution. A stable lightest RHN can account for the observed dark matter (DM) relic abundance for masses as low as $M_{1} equiv m_{rm DM} gtrsim 10^{6},mathrm{GeV}$, with the associated novel GW signal accessible in LISA, ET and upcoming LVK detectors. If the RHNs are unstable, their CP-violating decays generate the observed baryon asymmetry via leptogenesis for $M_{1} gtrsim 10^{11},mathrm{GeV}$ and phase transition temperatures $T_* gtrsim 10^{6},mathrm{GeV}$, for which the novel GW spectrum is detectable in ET, BBO and upcoming LVK. If RHN decays also populate a dark-sector fermion with mass $m_{chi} in [10^{-4},10^{4}],mathrm{GeV}$, successful co-genesis of baryons and asymmetric dark matter occurs for $T_* gtrsim 10^{7},mathrm{GeV}$ and $M_{1} gtrsim 10^{9},mathrm{GeV}$, naturally explaining $Omega_{rm DM} simeq 5Omega_{rm B}$. The corresponding GW signals are testable with LISA, ET, and BBO. Finally, we analyze a UV-complete multi-Majoron model, based on a global $U(1)_N times U(1)_{rm B-L}$ extension, motivated from the hierarchy of lepton masses, which we dub as Mojaron collider. The corresponding FOPT in this model leaves a distinctive GW signature arising from RHN production during $U(1)_N$ symmetry breaking detectable by BBO, ET and upcoming LVK. Successful leptogenesis is realized for heaviest RHN mass $M_3 sim 10^{10},mathrm{GeV}$ and a $U(1)_N$ breaking vev $v_2 sim mathcal{O}(mathrm{TeV})$, which sets the seesaw scale.

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