The observed vs total population of ULXs. (arXiv:1811.08998v1 [astro-ph.HE])
<a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Wiktorowicz_G/0/1/0/all/0/1">Grzegorz Wiktorowicz</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Lasota_J/0/1/0/all/0/1">Jean-Pierre Lasota</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Middleton_M/0/1/0/all/0/1">Matthew Middleton</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Belczynski_K/0/1/0/all/0/1">Krzysztof Belczynski</a>
We have analyzed how anisotropic emission of radiation affects the observed
sample of ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) by performing simulations of the
evolution of stellar populations, employing recent developments in stellar and
binary physics, and by utilizing a geometrical beaming model motivated by
theory and observation. Whilst ULXs harboring black hole accretors (BH ULXs)
are typically emitting isotropically, the majority of ULXs with neutron star
accretors (NS ULXs) are found to be beamed. These findings confirm previous
assertions that a significant fraction of ULXs are hidden from view due to a
substantial misalignment of the emission beam and the line-of-sight. We find
the total number of NS ULXs in regions with constant star formation, solar
metallicity, and ages above ~1 Gyr to be higher than the BH ULXs, although
observationally both populations are comparable. For lower metallicities BH ULX
dominate both the total and observed ULX populations. As far as burst
star-formation is concerned, young ULX populations are dominated by BH ULXs,
but this changes as the population ages and, post star-formation, NS ULXs
dominate both the observed and total population of ULXs. We also compare our
simulation output to a previous analytical prediction for the relative ratio of
BH to NS ULXs in idealized flux-limited observations and find broad agreement
for all but the lowest metallicities. In so doing we find that in such surveys
the observed ULX population should be heavily dominated by black-hole systems
rather than by systems containing neutron stars.
We have analyzed how anisotropic emission of radiation affects the observed
sample of ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) by performing simulations of the
evolution of stellar populations, employing recent developments in stellar and
binary physics, and by utilizing a geometrical beaming model motivated by
theory and observation. Whilst ULXs harboring black hole accretors (BH ULXs)
are typically emitting isotropically, the majority of ULXs with neutron star
accretors (NS ULXs) are found to be beamed. These findings confirm previous
assertions that a significant fraction of ULXs are hidden from view due to a
substantial misalignment of the emission beam and the line-of-sight. We find
the total number of NS ULXs in regions with constant star formation, solar
metallicity, and ages above ~1 Gyr to be higher than the BH ULXs, although
observationally both populations are comparable. For lower metallicities BH ULX
dominate both the total and observed ULX populations. As far as burst
star-formation is concerned, young ULX populations are dominated by BH ULXs,
but this changes as the population ages and, post star-formation, NS ULXs
dominate both the observed and total population of ULXs. We also compare our
simulation output to a previous analytical prediction for the relative ratio of
BH to NS ULXs in idealized flux-limited observations and find broad agreement
for all but the lowest metallicities. In so doing we find that in such surveys
the observed ULX population should be heavily dominated by black-hole systems
rather than by systems containing neutron stars.
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