Figuring Out Gas & Galaxies In Enzo (FOGGIE). XIII. On the Observability of Extended HI Disks and Warps

Figuring Out Gas & Galaxies In Enzo (FOGGIE). XIII. On the Observability of Extended HI Disks and Warps
Cameron W. Trapp, Molly S. Peeples, Jason Tumlinson, Brian W. O’Shea, Anna C. Wright, Ayan Acharyya, Britton D. Smith, Vida Saeedzadeh, Ramona Augustin
arXiv:2511.00159v3 Announce Type: replace
Abstract: Atomic Hydrogen (HI) is a useful tracer of gas in and around galaxies, and can be found in extended disk-like structures well beyond a system’s optical extent. Here, we investigate the properties of extended HI disks that emerge in six Milky Way-mass galaxies using cosmological zoom-in simulations from the Figuring Out Gas & Galaxies in Enzo (FOGGIE) suite. This paper focuses on the observability of the extended HI in these systems. We find overall agreement with observational constraints on the HI size-mass relation. To facilitate direct comparisons with observations, we present synthetic HI 21 cm emission cubes. By spatially filtering our synthetic cubes to characterize the absence of short baselines in interferometric maps, we find that such observations at 20 Mpc retain ~96%-99%$ of total HI emission on average, but can miss up to ~15% of HI signal outside the central disk due to missing short spacings. This effect is small for more isolated systems, but more significant for more strongly interacting systems, as there is more diffuse signal. This preferentially removes low column density, low velocity dispersion gas in the circumgalactic medium (CGM). The amount of observable material depends strongly on its distribution, distance, and the system’s observed orientation, preventing the formulation of a simple correction factor. Therefore, to fully characterize extended disks, their CGMs, and the interfaces between them, including data from large single-dish radio telescopes is likely necessary.arXiv:2511.00159v3 Announce Type: replace
Abstract: Atomic Hydrogen (HI) is a useful tracer of gas in and around galaxies, and can be found in extended disk-like structures well beyond a system’s optical extent. Here, we investigate the properties of extended HI disks that emerge in six Milky Way-mass galaxies using cosmological zoom-in simulations from the Figuring Out Gas & Galaxies in Enzo (FOGGIE) suite. This paper focuses on the observability of the extended HI in these systems. We find overall agreement with observational constraints on the HI size-mass relation. To facilitate direct comparisons with observations, we present synthetic HI 21 cm emission cubes. By spatially filtering our synthetic cubes to characterize the absence of short baselines in interferometric maps, we find that such observations at 20 Mpc retain ~96%-99%$ of total HI emission on average, but can miss up to ~15% of HI signal outside the central disk due to missing short spacings. This effect is small for more isolated systems, but more significant for more strongly interacting systems, as there is more diffuse signal. This preferentially removes low column density, low velocity dispersion gas in the circumgalactic medium (CGM). The amount of observable material depends strongly on its distribution, distance, and the system’s observed orientation, preventing the formulation of a simple correction factor. Therefore, to fully characterize extended disks, their CGMs, and the interfaces between them, including data from large single-dish radio telescopes is likely necessary.