Bright Opportunities for Atmospheric Characterization of Small Planets: Masses and Radii of K2-3 b, c, d and GJ3470 b from Radial Velocity Measurements and Spitzer Transits. (arXiv:1812.08241v2 [astro-ph.EP] UPDATED)
<a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Kosiarek_M/0/1/0/all/0/1">Molly R. Kosiarek</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Crossfield_I/0/1/0/all/0/1">Ian J.M. Crossfield</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Hardegree_Ullman_K/0/1/0/all/0/1">Kevin K. Hardegree-Ullman</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Livingston_J/0/1/0/all/0/1">John H. Livingston</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Benneke_B/0/1/0/all/0/1">Bjorn Benneke</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Blunt_S/0/1/0/all/0/1">Sarah Blunt</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Henry_G/0/1/0/all/0/1">Gregory W. Henry</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Howard_W/0/1/0/all/0/1">Ward S. Howard</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Berardo_D/0/1/0/all/0/1">David Berardo</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Fulton_B/0/1/0/all/0/1">Benjamin J. Fulton</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Hirsch_L/0/1/0/all/0/1">Lea A. Hirsch</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Howard_A/0/1/0/all/0/1">Andrew W. Howard</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Isaacson_H/0/1/0/all/0/1">Howard Isaacson</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Petigura_E/0/1/0/all/0/1">Erik A. Petigura</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Sinukoff_E/0/1/0/all/0/1">Evan Sinukoff</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Weiss_L/0/1/0/all/0/1">Lauren Weiss</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Bonfils_X/0/1/0/all/0/1">X. Bonfils</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Dressing_C/0/1/0/all/0/1">Courtney D. Dressing</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Knutson_H/0/1/0/all/0/1">Heather A. Knutson</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Schlieder_J/0/1/0/all/0/1">Joshua E. Schlieder</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Werner_M/0/1/0/all/0/1">Michael Werner</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Gorjian_V/0/1/0/all/0/1">Varoujan Gorjian</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Krick_J/0/1/0/all/0/1">Jessica Krick</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Morales_F/0/1/0/all/0/1">Farisa Y. Morales</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Astudillo_Defru_N/0/1/0/all/0/1">Nicola Astudillo-Defru</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Almenara_J/0/1/0/all/0/1">J.-M. Almenara</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Delfosse_X/0/1/0/all/0/1">X. Delfosse</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Forveille_T/0/1/0/all/0/1">T. Forveille</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Lovis_C/0/1/0/all/0/1">C. Lovis</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Mayor_M/0/1/0/all/0/1">M. Mayor</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Murgas_F/0/1/0/all/0/1">F. Murgas</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Pepe_F/0/1/0/all/0/1">F. Pepe</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Santos_N/0/1/0/all/0/1">N. C. Santos</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Udry_S/0/1/0/all/0/1">S. Udry</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Corbett_H/0/1/0/all/0/1">H. T. Corbett</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Fors_O/0/1/0/all/0/1">Octavi Fors</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Law_N/0/1/0/all/0/1">Nicholas M. Law</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Ratzloff_J/0/1/0/all/0/1">Jeffrey K. Ratzloff</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/astro-ph/1/au:+Ser_D/0/1/0/all/0/1">Daniel del Ser</a>

We report improved masses, radii, and densities for four planets in two
bright M-dwarf systems, K2-3 and GJ3470, derived from a combination of new
radial velocity and transit observations. Supplementing K2 photometry with
follow-up Spitzer transit observations refined the transit ephemerides of K2-3
b, c, and d by over a factor of 10. We analyze ground-based photometry from the
Evryscope and Fairborn Observatory to determine the characteristic stellar
activity timescales for our Gaussian Process fit, including the stellar
rotation period and activity region decay timescale. The stellar rotation
signals for both stars are evident in the radial velocity data and are included
in our fit using a Gaussian process trained on the photometry. We find the
masses of K2-3 b, K2-3 c and GJ3470 b to be 6.48$^{+0.99}_{-0.93}$,
2.14$^{+1.08}_{-1.04}$, and 12.58$^{+1.31}_{-1.28}$ M$_oplus$ respectively.
K2-3 d was not significantly detected and has a 3-$sigma$ upper limit of 2.80
M$_oplus$. These two systems are training cases for future TESS systems; due
to the low planet densities ($rho$ $<$ 3.7 g cm$^{-3}$) and bright host stars (K $<$ 9 mag), they are among the best candidates for transmission spectroscopy in order to characterize the atmospheric compositions of small planets.

We report improved masses, radii, and densities for four planets in two
bright M-dwarf systems, K2-3 and GJ3470, derived from a combination of new
radial velocity and transit observations. Supplementing K2 photometry with
follow-up Spitzer transit observations refined the transit ephemerides of K2-3
b, c, and d by over a factor of 10. We analyze ground-based photometry from the
Evryscope and Fairborn Observatory to determine the characteristic stellar
activity timescales for our Gaussian Process fit, including the stellar
rotation period and activity region decay timescale. The stellar rotation
signals for both stars are evident in the radial velocity data and are included
in our fit using a Gaussian process trained on the photometry. We find the
masses of K2-3 b, K2-3 c and GJ3470 b to be 6.48$^{+0.99}_{-0.93}$,
2.14$^{+1.08}_{-1.04}$, and 12.58$^{+1.31}_{-1.28}$ M$_oplus$ respectively.
K2-3 d was not significantly detected and has a 3-$sigma$ upper limit of 2.80
M$_oplus$. These two systems are training cases for future TESS systems; due
to the low planet densities ($rho$ $<$ 3.7 g cm$^{-3}$) and bright host stars
(K $<$ 9 mag), they are among the best candidates for transmission spectroscopy
in order to characterize the atmospheric compositions of small planets.

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